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The Gallipoli peninsula (; (トルコ語:Gelibolu Yarımadası); ) is located in Turkish Thrace (or East Thrace), the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles strait to the east. Gallipoli derives its name from the Greek "Καλλίπολις" (''Kallipolis''), meaning "Beautiful City".〔(Καλλίπολις ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus〕 In antiquity, it was known as the Thracian Chersonese, from (ギリシア語:Θρακική Χερσόνησος) ((ラテン語:Chersonesus Thracica)). The peninsula runs in a south-westerly direction into the Aegean Sea, between the Hellespont (now known as the Dardanelles) and the bay of Melas (today Saros bay). Near Agora it was protected by a wall running across its full breadth.〔Xenophon, ''Hellenica'', (iii. 2 ); Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca'', (xiv. 38 ); Pliny, ''Natural History'', (iv. 18 ); Agathias, ''Histories'', v; Plutarch, ''Parallel Lives'', "Pericles", (19 )〕 The isthmus traversed by the wall was only 36 stadia in breadth〔Herodotus, ''The Histories'', (vi. 36 ); Xenophon, ibid.; Pseudo-Scylax, ''Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax'', 67 ((PDF ))〕 (about 6.5 km), but the length of the peninsula from this wall to its southern extremity, Cape Mastusia, was 420 stadia〔 (about 77.5 km). == Antiquity - Medieval == In ancient times, the Gallipoli Peninsula was known as the Thracian Chersonesus (from Greek ''χερσόνησος'', "peninsula"〔(Xερσόνησος ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus〕) to the Greeks and later the Romans. It was the location of several prominent towns, including Cardia, Pactya, Callipolis (Gallipoli), Alopeconnesus,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Alopeconnesus )〕 Sestos, Madytos, and Elaeus. The peninsula was renowned for its wheat. It also benefited from its strategic importance on the main route between Europe and Asia, as well as from its control of the shipping route from Crimea. The city of Sestos was the main crossing-point on the Hellespont (Dardanelles). According to Herodotus, the Thracian tribe of Dolonci (or "barbarians" according to Cornelius Nepos) held possession of Chersonesus before the Greek colonization. Then, settlers from Ancient Greece, mainly of Ionian and Aeolian stock, founded about 12 cities on the peninsula in the 7th century BC.〔Herodotus, (vi. 34 ); Cornelius Nepos, ''Lives of Eminent Commanders'', "Miltiades", (1 )〕 The Athenian statesman Miltiades the Elder founded a major Athenian colony there around 560 BC. He took authority over the entire peninsula, building up its defences against incursions from the mainland. It eventually passed to his nephew, the more famous Miltiades the Younger, around 524 BC. The peninsula was abandoned to the Persians in 493 BC after the outbreak of the Greco-Persian Wars (499–478 BC). The Persians were eventually expelled, after which the peninsula was for a time ruled over by Athens, which enrolled it into the Delian League in 478 BC. The Athenians established a number of cleruchies on the Thracian Chersonese and sent an additional 1,000 settlers around 448 BC. Sparta gained control after the decisive battle of Aegospotami in 404 BC, but the peninsula subsequently reverted to the Athenians. In the 4th century BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the focus of a bitter territorial dispute between Athens and Macedon, whose king Philip II sought possession. It was eventually ceded to Philip in 338 BC. The Galatians tribes entered Western Turkey, in the 4th century BC after crossing Central Europe. After the death of Philip's son Alexander the Great in 323 BC, the Thracian Chersonese became the object of contention among Alexander's successors. Lysimachus established his capital Lysimachia here. In 196 BC, the Seleucid king Antiochus III seized the peninsula. This alarmed the Greeks and prompted them to seek the aid of the Romans, who conquered the Thracian Chersonese, which they gave to their ally Eumenes II of Pergamon in 188 BC. At the extinction of the Attalid dynasty in 133 BC it passed again to the Romans, who from 129 BC administered it in the Roman province of Asia. It was subsequently made a state-owned territory (''ager publicus'') and during the reign of the emperor Augustus it was imperial property. The Thracian Chersonese subsequently passed to the Byzantine Empire, which ruled it until the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century AD. In 1356 the peninsula became the first part of Europe to fall to the Ottomans, who subsequently made it a major base for raids and incursions into territories further afield. In 443 AD, Attila the Hun invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula during one of the last stages of his grand campaign against the Eastern Roman Empire during that year. He captured both Kallipolis and Sestus, and he destroyed a significant portion of the Eastern Roman Army somewhere on the peninsula.. It was ruled by Republic of Venice between 1204 and 1235. During the night between the 1st and the 2nd of March 1354 a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Gallipoli and its city walls. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gallipoli」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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